|  | 52.1 |  | Introduction: Worldwide Trends | 
                                       
                                          |  | 52.1.1 |  | Laws, Regulations, and Agreements | 
                                       
                                          |  | 52.1.2 |  | Sources of Privacy Law | 
                                       
                                          |  | 52.2 |  | European Approaches to Privacy | 
                                       
                                          |  | 52.2.1 |  | History and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Principles | 
                                       
                                          |  | 52.2.2 |  | European Union Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC | 
                                       
                                          |  | 52.2.2.1 |  | European Union Directive Requirements | 
                                       
                                          |  | 52.2.2.2 |  | International Data Transfer Restrictions | 
                                       
                                          |  | 52.2.2.3 |  | State of Implementation | 
                                       
                                          |  | 52.2.3 |  | Harmonization of non-EU European Countries to the EU Directive | 
                                       
                                          |  | 52.2.4 |  | European Union Telecommunications Directive | 
                                       
                                          |  | 52.3 |  | United States | 
                                       
                                          |  | 52.3.1 |  | History, Common-Law Torts | 
                                       
                                          |  | 52.3.2 |  | Public Sector | 
                                       
                                          |  | 52.3.2.1 |  | Privacy Act of 1974 (Including the Freedom of Information Act) | 
                                       
                                          |  | 52.3.2.2 |  | Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986 | 
                                       
                                          |  | 52.3.2.3 |  | Right to Financial Privacy Act of 1978 | 
                                       
                                          |  | 52.3.2.4 |  | Driver's Privacy Protection Act | 
                                       
                                          |  | 52.3.2.5 |  | Law Enforcement and National Security Surveillance | 
                                       
                                          |  | 52.3.3 |  | Private Sector | 
                                       
                                          |  | 52.3.3.1 |  | Financial Services Sector (The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act) | 
                                       
                                          |  | 52.3.3.2 |  | Children's Online Privacy Protection Act | 
                                       
                                          |  | 52.3.3.3 |  | Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act | 
                                       
                                          |  | 52.3.3.4 |  | Cable and Video Acts | 
                                       
                                          |  | 52.3.3.5 |  | United States/European Union Safe Harbor | 
                                       
                                          |  | 52.3.3.6 |  | Workplace Privacy | 
                                       
                                          |  | 52.3.3.7 |  | Anonymity of Internet Postings and "Cybersmearing." | 
                                       
                                          |  | 52.3.3.8 |  | Online Monitoring Technology | 
                                       
                                          |  | 52.3.3.9 |  | Location Privacy | 
                                       
                                          |  | 52.3.4 |  | State Legislation | 
                                       
                                          |  | 52.4 |  | Compliance Models | 
                                       
                                          |  | 52.4.1 |  | Self-Regulatory Regimes and Codes of Conduct | 
                                       
                                          |  | 52.4.2 |  | Contract Infrastructure | 
                                       
                                          |  | 52.4.3 |  | Synthesis of Contracts, Technology, and Law | 
                                       
                                          |  | 52.4.4 |  | Getting Started: A Practical Checklist | 
                                       
                                          |  | 52.5 |  | Notes | 
                                       
                                          |  | 52.6 |  | For Further Reading |